Henry Rich, Earl Holland

Baptised at the church of Stratford-le-Bow, London, on 19 Aug 1590, he was second son of Robert, first Earl of Warwick, by his wife, Penelope Devereux. Robert Rich, second Earl of Warwick, was his elder brother. He was educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, was knighted on 3 Jun 1610, and was elected M.P. for Leicester in 1610 and 1614. In 1610 he served as a gentleman volunteer at the siege of Juliers. Rich was more qualified to succeed as a courtier than as a soldier, and his handsome person and winning manners made his rise rapid: 'His features and pleasant aspect equalled the most beautiful women'. From the first James regarded him with favour which sometimes found expression in gifts of money, sometimes in unpleasing caresses. He was made gentleman of the bedchamber to Charles, Prince of Wales, and on 5 Nov 1617 captain of the yeomen of the guard.

On 8 Mar 1623 he was created Baron Kensington that title being selected because he had married Isabel, daughter and heiress of Sir Walter Cope of Kensington. In Feb 1624 he was sent to Paris to sound the French court on the question of a marriage between Prince Charles and the Princess Henrietta Maria. He proved acceptable to the Queen mother and the court, sent home glowing descriptions of the beauty of the princess and made love as the prince's representative with great spirit and fluency. On his own account he also made love to Madame de Chevreuse. But when it came to drawing up a marriage treaty, Kensington showed his incapacity to deal with the political questions raised by the alliance which was to accompany the match. He was 'careless of any considerations beyond the success of the marriage' and willing to comply with the demand of the French for an engagement to tolerate the English catholics though well aware that the King was pledged against it. His letters contrast most unfavourably with those of Carlisle his partner in the embassy. As a reward for his pliability to Buckingham's wishes he was raised to the rank of Earl of Holland (15 Sep 1624). He was again sent to Paris (conjointly with Sir Dudley Carleton) in 1625 to negotiate a peace between Louis XIII and the Huguenots, and in the same year accompanied Buckingham on a mission to the Netherlands.

He was elected K.G. on 13 Dec 1625. In Oct 1627 Holland was placed in command of the fleet and army which were to reinforce Buckingham at the Ile of Ré but contrary weather and want of money prevented his sailing and, when he did start, he met Buckingham's defeated force returning. He was severely blamed for the delay but it was rather due to the general disorganisation of the government than to his remissness. On Buckingham's death Holland was chosen to succeed him as chancellor of the University of Cambridge. On 28 Mar 1628 he was appointed, for life, Governor and Captain of Harwich and Landguard point. He was also (Sep - Nov 1628) Master of the Horse and was appointed Constable of Windsor (27 Oct 1629) and High Steward to the Queen (1 Dec 1629).

Like his brother, the Earl of Warwick, Holland took part in colonisation. He was the first governor of the Providence Company (4 Dec 1630) and one of the lords proprietors of Newfoundland (13 Nov 1637). But he preferred monopolies and crown grants as a quicker method of increasing his fortune. On 15 May 1631 he was created chief justice in Eyre south of Trent and became thus associated with one of the most unpopular acts of the reign - the revival of the obsolete forest laws. Holland used his position at court and his influence with the Queen to cabal against the King's ministers. He intrigued against the pacific and pro-Spanish policy of Portland and challenged his son, Jerome Weston, to a duel. For a few days the King placed him under arrest and he was obliged to make a submissive apology, though the Queen's intercession saved him from severer punishment on 13 Apr 1633.

As chancellor of Cambridge he did nothing to enforce uniformity and resisted, though without success, Laud's claim to visit the university as metropolitan. With Strafford he was on still worse terms. They exchanged frigid complimentary letters but the opponents of the lord deputy habitually looked to Holland for support. Over Sir Piers Crosby's case they had an open quarrel, caused by Holland's refusal to be examined as a witness, and embittered still further by the slanders which Holland circulated against Strafford. In letters to intimate friends Strafford wrote of Holland with well-deserved contempt.

In 1636 Holland hoped to be appointed lord high admiral but was given the more appropriate post of groom of the stole and first lord of the bedchamber. By the Queen's influence, however, he was made general of the horse (2 Feb 1639) in place of the much more capable Essex. His sole exploit was the unlucky march to Kelso and the hasty retreat thence (3 June 1639) whereby he covered himself and the King's army with ridicule but whether he was really to blame for the failure may be doubted and the imputations on his courage were undeserved. His command also involved him in a quarrel with the Earl of Newcastle which the intervention of the King prevented from ending in a duel.

In the second Scottish war Conway was appointed general of the horse instead of Holland. The latter's animosity to Strafford and the King's chief ministers and the suspicion that he inclined too much to the party which desired peace with the Scots were apparently the causes.

In the Privy Council on 5 May 1640 he backed Northumberland in opposing the dissolution of the Short Parliament.

During the early part of the Long Parliament he acted with the popular party among the peers and gave evidence against Strafford though aiming at his exclusion from office not at his death. The Queen, whose favour he had lost for a time, won him back with the promise of the command of the army and on 16 Apr 1641 he was made Captain General north of the Trent. He carried out the business of disbanding the army with success but the refusal of the King to grant him the nomination of a new baron reopened the breach between him and the court. Holland wrote to Essex hinting plainly that Charles was still tampering with the officers. When the King, in Jan 1642, left Whitehall Holland, though still groom of the stole, refused to attend his master and declined to obey a later summons to York (23 Mar 1642).

On 12 Apr 1642 Lord Falkland by the King's command obliged him to surrender the key which was the ensign of his office. This deprivation was instigated by the Queen. She had contracted so great an indignation against Holland, whose ingratitude towards her was very odious, that she had said 'she would never live in the court if he kept his place'. In Mar and Jul 1642 the Parliament chose Holland to bear its declarations to the King but in each case Charles received him with pointed disfavour by which the Earl 'was transported from his natural temper and gentleness into passion and animosity against the King and his ministers'.

He was one of the committee of safety appointed by parliament on 4 Jul 1642. After Edgehill he made two exhortations to the citizens of London, one urging them to defend the city and another on 10 Nov about the proposed negotiations with Charles.

At Turnham Green on 13 Nov he appeared in arms himself, marshalled Essex's army and is credited with dissuading that general from fighting. During the early part of 1643 Holland was one of the leaders of the peace party in the Lords and in Aug he endeavoured to induce Essex to back the peace propositions with the weight of the army. When this plan failed he made his way to the King's quarters, confidently expecting to be received back into favour and restored at once to his old office of groom of the stole. In the privy council, however, only Hyde and one other were in favour of giving him a gracious reception, the rest exaggerated his ingratitude and the King himself complained with bitterness that Holland made no attempt to apologise for his past misconduct. Therefore, though he attended the King to the siege of Gloucester and charged in the King's regiment of horse at the first battle of Newbury, Charles gave the post he desired to the Marquis of Hertford and, finding that there was nothing to be gained at Oxford, Holland returned to London. The House of Lords had him arrested, but, as he had returned at the special invitation of Essex, they readmitted him to sit (13 Jan 1644) and persuaded the Commons to release his estates from sequestration. To the kingdom at large Holland explained that he found the court too indisposed to peace and the papists too powerful there for a patriot of his type. The Commons were less easily satisfied than the Lords and obliged the upper house to pass an ordinance disabling the peers who had deserted the parliamentary cause from exercising their legislative powers during the existing parliament without the assent of both houses. An ordinance for the readmission of Holland and two other deserters was brought forward in 1646 but failed to pass the second reading.

In Dec 1645 Holland petitioned parliament for some pecuniary compensation for the losses which the civil war, and his adherence to the parliamentary party, had entailed upon him. His office of first gentleman of the bedchamber had been worth £1,600 a year, he had lost also two pensions of £2,000 a year apiece, a share in the customs on coal worth £1,300 a year and a legal office worth £2,000 a year besides smaller salaries as chief justice in Eyre and Constable of Windsor. Moreover the King owed him £30,000. The Commons, however, laid aside the petition and negatived a proposal to give him a pension of £1,000.

Under these circumstances Holland turned once more to the King's side. In September 1645 he had endeavoured to mediate between the Scottish commissioners and the English presbyterian leaders, suggesting to the French agent, Montreuil, that the King should take refuge in the Scottish army. He was also one of the authors of the scheme of settlement put forward by the presbyterian peers in Jan 1647. When the second civil war began he resolved to redeem his past faults by taking up arms for the King. He procured a commission as general from the Prince of Wales and proceeded to issue commissions to royalist officers. Lady Carlisle pawned her pearl necklace to supply him with funds and through her he carried on a correspondence with Lauderdale and Lanark.

On 4 Jul Holland left London and the next day appeared in arms at Kingston intending to raise the siege of Colchester. He issued a declaration asserting that he sought a personal treaty between Charles and the Parliament, a cessation of arms during the treaty and the restoration of the King to his just regal authority. Holland's preparations had been made with so little secrecy that they had no chance of success nor could he get together more than six hundred men. On 7 Jul he was defeated by Sir Michael Livesey near Kingston, on 10 Jul what remained of his forces were surprised at St. Neots by Colonel Scroope and Holland was sent prisoner to Warwick Castle.

On 18 Nov the two houses agreed that he and six others should be punished by banishment but the army resolved that the authors of the second civil war should not be allowed to escape and on 3 Feb 1649 a high court of justice was erected to try Holland and other culprits. The proceedings opened on 10 Feb, Holland pleaded that his captor had given him quarter for life but, his plea having been overruled by the court, he was sentenced to death 6 Mar. Fairfax interceded for Holland and Warwick used all his influence to save his life, nevertheless, Parliament, by 31 to 30 votes, refused to reprieve him. On 9 Mar he was beheaded in company with the Duke of Hamilton and Arthur, Lord Capel.

On the scaffold Holland made a long and rambling speech protesting his fidelity to the Protestant religion, to Parliaments and the innocency of his intentions in his late attempt. 'God be praised, although my blood comes to be shed here, there was scarcely a drop of blood shed in that action I was engaged in'.

Holland left a son Robert, who became in 1673 fifth Earl of Warwick. Of his daughters, Isabella married Sir James Thynne, Frances married William, Lord Paget, Mary married John Campbell, third Earl of Breadalbane and Susan, James Howard, third Earl of Suffolk.

A doubtful portrait of Holland was No. 95 in the Vandyck exhibition of 1886. Engraved portraits are contained in 'Tragicum Theatrum Londini celebratum,' 1649, 12mo (p. 232), and in Houbraken's 'Heads of Illustrious Persons'.

Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke

Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke KG, (1534 - January 19 1601) was a statesman of the Elizabethan era. He was the son of William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, and Anne Parr. He was married to Catherine Grey in May 1553 in a political match arranged by their parents. The couple probably had their marriage annulled in 1554 when Mary rose to the throne.

His second wife was Catherine Talbot, daughter of George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury, and his wife Gertrude Manners, daughter of Thomas Manners, Earl of Rutland.

His third wife was the former Mary Sidney. His children included William and Philip who both were Earl of Pembroke after their father.

The armour of Henry Herbert is now on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in the Arms and Armour galleries. It was made in 1580 at the Greenwich armoury, a royal workshop founded by Henry VIII to produce armour for the English nobility, chiefly Henry, without having to commission it from overseas.

During the 1590s he was patron of Pembroke's Men, a theatre company who were the first group to perform a number of plays including Henry VI, part 1, by William Shakespeare and The Isle of Dogs by Thomas Nashe and Ben Jonson.

Thomas Stanley, 2nd Earl of Derby

His father had been summoned to Parliament as Lord Strange in 1482 in right of his wife, but predeceased his father. Derby succeeded his grandfather in the earldom and barony of Stanley in 1504 and in 1514 he also inherited the baronies of Strange and Mohun from his mother. He married Anne Hastings, daughter of Edward Hastings, 2nd Baron Hastings, in circa 1507.

Lord Derby died in May 1521 and was succeeded in his titles by his son Edward. His line of the Stanley family failed on the death of James Stanley, 10th Earl of Derby, in 1736, when the Earldom passed on to a descendant of his younger brother Sir James Stanley, who founded the branch of the family known as the "Stanleys of Bickerstaffe".

Edward Howard, 2nd Earl of Carlisle

Edward, 2nd Earl of Carlisle, sat as a Whig MP in the House of Commons from 1666-85, and he was also appointed Lord Lieutenant of Cumberland and Governor of Carlisle.

William Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Devonshire

William Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Devonshire KG, PC, (1672 –  4 June 1729) was a British politician, the eldest son of William Cavendish, Duke of Devonshire and Lady Mary Butler. 

A prominent Whig, he was sworn of the Privy Council in 1707 and served as Lord President of the Council from 1716 to 1717 and 1725 to 1729. He married The Hon. Rachel Russell (1674– 1725), daughter of William, Lord Russell, on 21 June 1688.

John Egerton, 2nd Earl of Bridgewater

John Egerton, 2nd Earl of Bridgewater PC, (30 May 1623 – 26 October 1686) was a son of John Egerton, 1st Earl of Bridgewater and his wife Lady Frances Stanley. His maternal grandparents were Ferdinando Stanley, 5th Earl of Derby, and his wife Alice Spencer.

According to the will of Henry VIII, his mother, at one time, was second-in-line to inherit England's throne. However, Lady Frances Stanley's older sister, Anne Stanley, Countess of Castlehaven, was passed over for James VI of Scotland.

He served as Lord Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire (1660–1686), Cheshire (1670–1676), Lancashire (1670–1676), and Hertfordshire (1681–1686), in addition to being invested as a Privy Councillor in 1679. He was buried in Little Gaddesden, Hertfordshire.

In 1641 he married Elizabeth Cavendish (1626–1663), a daughter of William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle and his first wife Elizabeth Basset. They had four children:

* John Egerton, 3rd Earl of Bridgewater (9 November 1646 - 19 March 1701). 

* William Egerton (born 15 August 1649). He married Honora Leigh.
* Thomas Egerton of Tatton Park.
* Elizabeth Egerton (24 August 1653 - 1709). Married Robert Sidney, 4th Earl of Leicester.

Like his father, the second Earl combined prudence with loyalty, suffering little or nothing under the Commonwealth, and dying in 1686 Lord-Lieutenant of four counties - Lancashire among them. The author of Comus and the personator of the Elder Brother diverged in their politics, and any connection - probably there was none - that may have existed between Milton and the Egertons was dissolved by the poet's fervid espousal of the popular cause. The late Earl of Ellesmere (the literary and art-loving Earl) possessed a copy of Milton's Defensio pro populo Anglicano which had belonged to this second Earl of Bridgewater, and on the title-page of which the loyal nobleman had written: Liber z,,ne, auclorfured dt,,,nissi.vii:-"A book richly deserving to be burned, and its author to be hanged." He was "a learned man," was this original personator of the Elder Brother in Comus,-"delighted much in his library," in which, as has been seen, was a copy of Milton's Defensio, and among the honours conferred upon him was the High Stewardship of the University of Oxford. One composition of his, though not of a literary kind, survives, and is printed in the History of Ashridge by Todd, who was also the editor and biographer of Alilton. It consists of a series of detailed instructions for the management of his household, and testifies to the careful and orderly, nay, almost prince-like, organisation of a great English nobleman's establishment in the seventeenth century, as well as to the precise and rigorous character of this particular Lord of Ashridge who had played the part of the Elder Brother in Comus, and who thought its author worthy of the gallows.

At Ashridge there are domestic functionaries of every kind and degree, and each of them is copiously instructed by my Lord how to conduct himself, from "the steward," "the gentleman of my horse," "my gentleman usher," down to "the porter" and the clerk of the kitchen,"who is admonished to curb the wasteful expense of butter." On the other hand, among the "orders for the huisher -  usher - "of my hall" is one conceived in a liberal spirit, and smacking pleasantly of the olden time. He is bidden "Gather together the broken meate that remaynes after meales, and carry it to the gate, that there it may be, by himselfe and the porter, distributed among the poore." "June 24, 1652. These are the orders which I require and command to be observed by all the servants in my family in their several and respective degrees.-J. BRIDGWATER."
 

Ashridge

George Granville Sutherland-Leveson Gower, 2nd Duke of Sutherland

At the time of the Crimean War it was a matter of honour for highland chiefs to raise troops from their own lands. George, the 2nd Duke of Sutherland and son of the Countess Elizabeth and the greatest landowner of all, unbelievably appointed as his recruiting agent, the very same James Loch who had organized the clearances in his parent's time. Not a single man enlisted. In an attempt to avoid humiliation, the Duke came north in person to address a packed meeting of the clan at Golspie. He warned the men of the Russian menace, reminded them of their great service in the past and invited them to enroll on the spot. Again there was no response until an old clansman stepped forward to say, "I am sorry for the reception your Grace's proposals are meeting here. But there is a cause for it. It is the opinion of this county that should the Czar of Russia take possession of Dunrobin Castle, we would not expect worse treatment at his hands than we have experienced in the hands of your family for the last 50 years. But one comfort you have. Though you cannot find men to fight, you can supply those who do fight with plenty of mutton and beef." Of course the resentment was not universal, nor did it last forever. The very same 93rd Regiment to which the Duke tried to recruit his men won great honor as "The Thin Red Line" at Balaclava soon afterwards, with many Sutherland men among the heroes.

The 2nd Duke of Sutherland assumed the additional name of Sutherland, making the surname Sutherland-Leveson-Gower. His wife, Duchess Harriet, was a Carlisle Howard and Mistress of Robes to Queen Victoria. It was the 2nd Duke who commissioned Sir Charles Barry, architect of the Houses of Parliament, to transform Dunrobin from a traditional Scottish Castle into a vast palace in Franco-Scots style. Barry encased the ancient parts and added all the main rooms now seen by the public. This architect also worked on the Duke's houses of Cliveden in Buckinghamshire and Trentham Hall in Staffordshire.

Dunrobin Castle

Cliveden

Trentham Hall